石棉纖維的危害及替代材料

　　石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)是(shi)一(yi)組具有纖維(wei)狀結構，可(ke)劈裂成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)纖細而柔韌纖維(wei)的(de)(de)硅酸鹽礦(kuang)物的(de)(de)總(zong)稱(cheng)，按其(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)、礦(kuang)物結構和性質可(ke)分(fen)為兩大類：一(yi)類叫蛇紋(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，也(ye)稱(cheng)纖維(wei)蛇紋(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)或溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，其(qi)突(tu)出的(de)(de)性能之一(yi)是(shi)耐(nai)堿。另一(yi)類石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)叫角(jiao)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，常見(jian)種屬(shu)有：直閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、鐵(tie)鎂閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、鐵(tie)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、透閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、陽起石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、鎂鐵(tie)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、高鐵(tie)鈉閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、鈉鐵(tie)閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)、藍透閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)。其(qi)代表品種叫藍石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)，其(qi)突(tu)出的(de)(de)性能之一(yi)是(shi)耐(nai)酸，化學(xue)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分(fen)為硅酸鎂鐵(tie)鈣。據中國非金(jin)屬(shu)工業(ye)協會發布，我(wo)國纖維(wei)蛇紋(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)（溫石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)）含量豐富，約占石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)總(zong)量的(de)(de)90%，而閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)僅占石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)總(zong)量的(de)(de)10%。閃(shan)(shan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)(mian)確有致癌(ai)作用，國際上(shang)公(gong)認(ren)為強(qiang)制癌(ai)物質。

　　石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用途(tu)非(fei)常(chang)廣泛，70%的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)用于建筑行(xing)業，如(ru)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)板、石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)瓦等(deng)，因此，房屋拆毀時會(hui)引起一時性的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)污(wu)染。在日(ri)常(chang)生活中(zhong)也經常(chang)會(hui)用到石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)制(zhi)品，如(ru)汽(qi)車剎車、燙(tang)衣(yi)板、水(shui)管、輸(shu)氣(qi)管、地板和(he)墻壁等(deng)。由于石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)制(zhi)品的(de)(de)(de)(de)廢(fei)棄(qi)、表面暴露(lu)、磨(mo)損(sun)、自然風(feng)化脫落，造成了廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)污(wu)染；同樣，在交通繁忙的(de)(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)，汽(qi)車制(zhi)動器的(de)(de)(de)(de)磨(mo)損(sun)使得大氣(qi)環(huan)境中(zhong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)棉(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)含量逐年增(zeng)加(jia)。

       石棉本身并(bing)無毒(du)害(hai)，它的(de)最大(da)(da)危害(hai)來自于它的(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)，這是一種(zhong)非常細小，肉眼幾乎(hu)看不見的(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)。中(zhong)外(wai)專家(jia)(jia)通過對十幾種(zhong)礦物(wu)(wu)無機纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)的(de)比較實(shi)驗證明，當(dang)這些細小的(de)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)被(bei)吸(xi)入(ru)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)，就(jiu)會(hui)附著并(bing)沉積在(zai)肺部(bu)，如果不能(neng)排出(chu)或被(bei)人(ren)體(ti)(ti)(ti)中(zhong)的(de)巨噬(shi)(shi)細胞(bao)所吞噬(shi)(shi)，就(jiu)可能(neng)造成癌變或其(qi)他肺部(bu)疾(ji)病。2004年4月20日(ri)“石棉國際會(hui)議”上，雅克(ke)·杜尼(ni)根博士、瑞士著名的(de)吸(xi)入(ru)毒(du)物(wu)(wu)學專家(jia)(jia)、多國政府毒(du)物(wu)(wu)學顧問大(da)(da)衛·伯恩斯坦(tan)博士等先后發表了最新(xin)研(yan)究成果，該成果顯示了蛇(she)紋石纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)和(he)閃石類纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)的(de)天壤之別。動(dong)物(wu)(wu)實(shi)驗表明：閃石類纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)在(zai)生物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)能(neng)長久(jiu)的(de)殘留(liu)并(bing)導致(zhi)嚴重(zhong)的(de)細胞(bao)損害(hai)，而(er)蛇(she)紋石纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)進(jin)入(ru)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)肺部(bu)后，10天左右就(jiu)會(hui)被(bei)巨噬(shi)(shi)細胞(bao)吞噬(shi)(shi)或自動(dong)排出(chu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)外(wai)，不會(hui)留(liu)下永久(jiu)性細胞(bao)損害(hai)的(de)跡象(xiang)。溫石棉是在(zai)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內(nei)滯留(liu)時(shi)間最短的(de)無機纖(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)材料。

　　石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)為(wei)(wei)國際(ji)醫學界(jie)公認(ren)的有害物(wu)質，長(chang)期(qi)(qi)接觸石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)可(ke)引(yin)起肺癌、胸膜(mo)和腹(fu)膜(mo)的間皮(pi)瘤(liu)及各種(zhong)惡(e)性腫瘤(liu)。這些肺部疾病往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)會有很長(chang)的潛伏期(qi)(qi)，石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)肺、肺癌的潛伏期(qi)(qi)一般為(wei)(wei)15~20年，間皮(pi)瘤(liu)可(ke)能(neng)要經(jing)過20~40年后才(cai)能(neng)發(fa)現(xian)。石(shi)棉(mian)(mian)已被國際(ji)癌癥研究中心認(ren)定(ding)為(wei)(wei)一級致癌物(wu)。

　　由于(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)棉引發(fa)疾(ji)病(bing)的(de)潛伏(fu)期較長，歐洲(zhou)很晚才注(zhu)意(yi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)這(zhe)種癌癥的(de)危險(xian)性。歐洲(zhou)的(de)一個機構預測，到(dao)(dao)(dao)2025年，其成員國中(zhong)(zhong)將(jiang)(jiang)有(you)近40萬(wan)人(ren)死(si)于(yu)(yu)石(shi)(shi)棉引起(qi)的(de)疾(ji)病(bing)，其中(zhong)(zhong)25萬(wan)人(ren)死(si)于(yu)(yu)間(jian)皮瘤。西(xi)班(ban)牙在1985~1995年進口了200萬(wan)噸石(shi)(shi)棉，預計到(dao)(dao)(dao)2020年將(jiang)(jiang)造成5萬(wan)多人(ren)死(si)亡(wang)。在歐洲(zhou)，據預測到(dao)(dao)(dao)2020年因石(shi)(shi)棉公害引發(fa)的(de)肺癌而致死(si)的(de)患者將(jiang)(jiang)達到(dao)(dao)(dao)50萬(wan)人(ren)。而在日本，預測到(dao)(dao)(dao)2040年將(jiang)(jiang)有(you)10萬(wan)人(ren)因石(shi)(shi)棉引起(qi)的(de)疾(ji)病(bing)而死(si)亡(wang)。

　　石棉公害問題一(yi)直引起世界各國的(de)普遍關注(zhu)，工(gong)作與石棉無(wu)關的(de)人(ren)群患病(bing)的(de)危(wei)險(xian)性也在增大(da)，危(wei)險(xian)主要來自那些含有石棉纖(xian)維的(de)商品。因(yin)此，預(yu)防石棉對人(ren)體健康的(de)危(wei)害，需要采取綜(zong)合措施，遵守國家頒布(bu)的(de)一(yi)系列政策法律，注(zhu)意個(ge)人(ren)防范意識，從各個(ge)方面減少石棉對人(ren)類健康的(de)危(wei)害。

       人(ren)造(zao)礦物(wu)纖維(wei)(wei)，其中數量最大的是礦物(wu)類纖維(wei)(wei)，主要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)隔(ge)熱保(bao)溫(wen)和隔(ge)音的玻璃棉和礦棉制品。尤其可溶性(xing)(xing)(xing)纖維(wei)(wei)具有耐(nai)高溫(wen)、抗腐蝕、強度高、密度小(xiao)、柔軟回彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)強、保(bao)溫(wen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)好(hao)、吸聲強、防潮性(xing)(xing)(xing)好(hao)等性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)，深(shen)受市(shi)場歡迎，應用(yong)(yong)范圍逐(zhu)步推廣(guang)到航空、造(zao)船、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油化工、建筑、冶(ye)金(jin)、電氣、醫療等領(ling)域。 將(jiang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)灰石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、葉(xie)蠟石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英(ying)砂、螢石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等巖石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)粉(fen)碎成(cheng)粉(fen)末(mo)，攪拌(ban)均勻并配以硫酸(suan)鈉、芒硝等物(wu)質(zhi)后(hou)，在高溫(wen)下熔融(rong)，通(tong)過不同技術制成(cheng)的人(ren)工纖維(wei)(wei)。由(you)于(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉替代材料生物(wu)學(xue)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)與石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉相似，但其危害(hai)嚴重度遠低(di)于(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)棉。